AMBROSE BIERCE (1842–1914?) was one of nineteenth-century America’s most renowned satirists. The author of short stories, essays, fables, poems, and sketches, he was a popular columnist and wrote for several San Francisco and London newspapers during his forty-year journalism career.

<p><b>Nathaniel Hawthorne</b> nació en 1804 y llevó, al menos hasta los treinta y cinco años, una vida sumamente solitaria y rara: desde que su padre, capitán mercante, muriera en 1808, vivió recluido sin salir apenas en la mansión familiar de Salem (Nueva Inglaterra) junto a su madre y sus dos hermanas, con las que al parecer casi ni se veía ni se hablaba. En su soledad, leía y escribía, especialmente cuentos fantásticos, envuelto en la innatural atmósfera de la casa y en su historia de recuerdos trágicos (uno de sus antepasados fue juez en el famoso proceso de las brujas de Salem), que novelaría posteriormente en <i>La casa de los siete tejados</i> (1851).</p><p> El problema del mal y de su transmisión a través de las generaciones llegaría a convertirse en el tema por excelencia de sus obras, entre ellas la célebre <i>La letra escarlata</i> (1850). En 1839, dejó por fin la casa familiar y se instaló en Boston, donde fue inspector de aduanas; en 1842, se casó; participó brevemente en la experiencia de la comuna de Brook Farm, sobre la que escribió una novela, <i>La granja de Blithedale</i> (1852); fue luego cónsul de los Estados Unidos en Liverpool, vivió en Florencia, Roma y Londres, pero su realidad –dice Borges– fue, siempre, el tenue mundo crepuscular, o lunar, de las imaginaciones fantásticas. <i>El libro de las maravillas</i> (1852), así como su continuación, <i>Cuentos de Tanglewood</i> (1853), representan la faceta más clara y luminosa de su personalísima obra. Murió en Plymouth (Nueva Inglaterra) en 1864.</p>

O. Henry (Greensboro, 1862 - Nueva York, 1910). Seudónimo de William Sidney Porter. Narrador estadounidense, muy popular por sus relatos humorísticos y de finales sorprendentes, al que junto a E. A. Poe, B. Harte y M. Twain se considera fundador de la proverbial short story norteamericana.Como si se tratase de una de sus historias, en 1896 recibió una citación para presentarse ante un tribunal por el hurto de una pequeña suma de un banco de Austin en el que había estado empleado. Huyó y a su vuelta estuvo tres años en prisión.En 1902 se traslada a Nueva York, donde escribirá algunos de sus mejores libros de relatos, como The Four Million, cuyos cuentos están recogidos en el libro que ahora publicamos. Describe a la gente común y corriente de Nueva York a través de la ironía, la burla y el realismo que lo hizo famoso, además del afortunado uso del lenguaje popular.

Anton Chekhov was one of the most important and influential playwrights in world theatre. Chekhov began his career writing jokes for popular magazines to support himself while he studied to become a medical doctor. He wrote twelve plays (including The Cherry Orchard, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters, The Seagull, Ivanov and the untitled play often called Platonov) and around six hundred stories, revolutionising both forms forever – and continued to practise medicine throughout his literary career. He died from tuberculosis in 1904 at the age of forty-four.

American author Kate Chopin (1850-1904) wrote two published novels and about a hundred short stories in the 1890s. Most of her fiction is set in Louisiana and most of her best-known work focuses on the lives of sensitive, intelligent women.Her short stories were well received in her own time and were published by some of America's most prestigious magazines-Vogue, the Atlantic Monthly, Harper's Young People, Youth's Companion, and the Century. A few stories were syndicated by the American Press Association. Her stories appeared also in her two published collections, Bayou Folk (1894) and A Night in Acadie (1897), both of which received good reviews from critics across the country. Twenty-six of her stories are children's stories-those published in or submitted to children's magazines or those similar in subject or theme to those that were. By the late 1890s Kate Chopin was well known among American readers of magazine fiction.Her early novel At Fault (1890) had not been much noticed by the public, but The Awakening (1899) was widely condemned. Critics called it morbid, vulgar, and disagreeable. Willa Cather, who would become a well known twentieth-century American author, labeled it trite and sordid.Some modern scholars have written that the novel was banned at Chopin's hometown library in St. Louis, but this claim has not been able to be verified, although in 1902, the Evanston, Illinois, Public Library removed The Awakening from its open shelves-and the book has been challenged twice in recent years. Chopin's third collection of stories, to have been called A Vocation and a Voice, was for unknown reasons cancelled by the publisher and did not appear as a separate volume until 1991.

Frank Stockton wrote many stories-both fairy tales and realistic fictions-but while a few remain popular to this day despite their elevated language and florid Victorian phrases-none have the impact still of "The Lady, or the Tiger?"